Bosons W et ZIn particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are _W boson+, _W boson-, and _Z boson0. The _W boson+- bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge and are each other's antiparticles. The _Z boson0 boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. The three particles each have a spin of 1.
Scalar bosonA scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows Bose–Einstein statistics. The spin–statistics theorem implies that all bosons have an integer-valued spin. Scalar bosons are the subset of bosons with zero-valued spin. The name scalar boson arises from quantum field theory, which demands that fields of spin-zero particles transform like a scalar under Lorentz transformation (i.e. are Lorentz invariant).
AnyonEn physique quantique, un anyon est un type de particule propre aux systèmes à deux dimensions. Ni boson ni fermion, l'anyon en est une généralisation. Prédits et théorisés depuis plus de quatre décennies, les premières preuves expérimentales de l'existence des anyons ne datent que de 2020. Le concept d'anyon est utile lorsqu’on s’intéresse à un système à deux dimensions tel que le graphène ou l’.
Binomial testIn statistics, the binomial test is an exact test of the statistical significance of deviations from a theoretically expected distribution of observations into two categories using sample data. The binomial test is useful to test hypotheses about the probability () of success: where is a user-defined value between 0 and 1. If in a sample of size there are successes, while we expect , the formula of the binomial distribution gives the probability of finding this value: If the null hypothesis were correct, then the expected number of successes would be .
