Metastatic breast cancerMetastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; there is no stage after IV. Metastases can occur several years after the primary breast cancer, although it is sometimes diagnosed at the same time as the primary breast cancer or, rarely, before the primary breast cancer has been diagnosed.
Cancer du seinLe 'cancer du sein' est un cancer de la glande mammaire. Autrement dit, c'est un cancer qui naît dans les unités cellulaires dont la fonction est de sécréter le lait, les unités ducto-lobulaires du sein, essentiellement chez la femme. Huit cancers du sein sur dix se déclarent après 50 ans. Premier cancer dans le monde, il touche, en 2016, 1,8 million de femmes par an dans le monde, dont en France. On s'attend à ce qu'une femme sur huit reçoive un diagnostic de cancer du sein au cours de sa vie.
Cellules souches cancéreusesLes cellules souches cancéreuses (CSCs) sont des cellules cancéreuses (présentes dans les tumeurs dites « solides » ou les cancers hématologiques) qui possèdent des caractéristiques associées aux cellules souches normales, notamment la capacité de donner naissance aux différentes populations de cellules présentes dans une tumeur particulière. Les CSCs sont donc tumorigènes (formant des tumeurs), peut-être à la différence d'autres cellules cancéreuses non tumorigènes.
Breast cancer awarenessBreast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education about screening, symptoms, and treatment. Supporters hope that greater knowledge will lead to earlier detection of breast cancer, which is associated with higher long-term survival rates, and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent cure. Breast cancer advocacy and awareness efforts are a type of health advocacy. Breast cancer advocates raise funds and lobby for better care, more knowledge, and more patient empowerment.
CancerLe cancer est une maladie provoquée par la transformation de cellules qui deviennent anormales et prolifèrent de façon excessive. Ces cellules déréglées finissent parfois par former une masse qu'on appelle tumeur maligne. Les cellules cancéreuses ont tendance à envahir les tissus voisins et à se détacher de la tumeur initiale. Elles migrent alors par les vaisseaux sanguins et les vaisseaux lymphatiques pour aller former une autre tumeur (métastase).
Recherche en oncologieLa recherche en cancérologie, ou recherche en oncologie, est l'effort scientifique intense fait depuis quelques décennies pour identifier ou comprendre les causes et co-facteurs de développement du cancer (cancérogenèse). Elle comprend des actions de recherche fondamentale et des actions de recherche appliquée. En France, les acteurs de la recherche clinique académique en cancérologie sont notamment organisés en de multiples sociétés savantes et intergroupes coopérateurs.
Alcohol and cancerAlcohol causes cancers of the oesophagus, liver, breast, colon, oral cavity, rectum, pharynx, and larynx, and probably causes cancers of the pancreas. Consumption of alcohol in any quantity can cause cancer. The more alcohol is consumed, the higher the cancer risk, and no amount can be considered safe. Alcoholic beverages were classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1988. 3.6% of all cancer cases and 3.
Breast cancer screeningBreast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. A number of screening tests have been employed, including clinical and self breast exams, mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. A clinical or self breast exam involves feeling the breast for lumps or other abnormalities.
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
Epidemiology of cancerThe epidemiology of cancer is the study of the factors affecting cancer, as a way to infer possible trends and causes. The study of cancer epidemiology uses epidemiological methods to find the cause of cancer and to identify and develop improved treatments. This area of study must contend with problems of lead time bias and length time bias. Lead time bias is the concept that early diagnosis may artificially inflate the survival statistics of a cancer, without really improving the natural history of the disease.
