Séparation et évaluationUn algorithme par séparation et évaluation, ou branch and bound en anglais, est une méthode générique de résolution de problèmes d'optimisation combinatoire. Cet algorithme a été introduit par Ailsa Land et Alison Harcourt (Doig) en 1960. L'optimisation combinatoire consiste à trouver un point minimisant une fonction, appelée coût, dans un ensemble dénombrable. Une méthode naïve pour résoudre ce problème est d'énumérer toutes les solutions du problème, de calculer le coût pour chacune, puis de donner le minimum.
Branch and cutBranch and cut est une méthode d'optimisation combinatoire pour résoudre des problèmes d'optimisation linéaire en nombres entiers. Cette méthode utilise la méthode de séparation et évaluation et la méthode des plans sécants. Le principe est de résoudre la relaxation continue du programme linéaire en nombres entiers à l'aide de l'algorithme du simplexe. Lorsqu'une solution optimale est trouvée, et que l'une des variables qu'on souhaite entières a une valeur non entière, on utilise un algorithme de plan sécant pour trouver une contrainte linéaire satisfaite par toutes les valeurs entières de la solution mais violée par la valeur fractionnaire.
Bfloat16 floating-point formatThe bfloat16 (brain floating point) floating-point format is a computer number format occupying 16 bits in computer memory; it represents a wide dynamic range of numeric values by using a floating radix point. This format is a truncated (16-bit) version of the 32-bit IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point format (binary32) with the intent of accelerating machine learning and near-sensor computing. It preserves the approximate dynamic range of 32-bit floating-point numbers by retaining 8 exponent bits, but supports only an 8-bit precision rather than the 24-bit significand of the binary32 format.
Acyclic orientationIn graph theory, an acyclic orientation of an undirected graph is an assignment of a direction to each edge (an orientation) that does not form any directed cycle and therefore makes it into a directed acyclic graph. Every graph has an acyclic orientation. The chromatic number of any graph equals one more than the length of the longest path in an acyclic orientation chosen to minimize this path length. Acyclic orientations are also related to colorings through the chromatic polynomial, which counts both acyclic orientations and colorings.
Generic flatnessIn algebraic geometry and commutative algebra, the theorems of generic flatness and generic freeness state that under certain hypotheses, a sheaf of modules on a scheme is flat or free. They are due to Alexander Grothendieck. Generic flatness states that if Y is an integral locally noetherian scheme, u : X → Y is a finite type morphism of schemes, and F is a coherent OX-module, then there is a non-empty open subset U of Y such that the restriction of F to u−1(U) is flat over U. Because Y is integral, U is a dense open subset of Y.
Generic pointIn algebraic geometry, a generic point P of an algebraic variety X is, roughly speaking, a point at which all generic properties are true, a generic property being a property which is true for almost every point. In classical algebraic geometry, a generic point of an affine or projective algebraic variety of dimension d is a point such that the field generated by its coordinates has transcendence degree d over the field generated by the coefficients of the equations of the variety.
Generic propertyIn mathematics, properties that hold for "typical" examples are called generic properties. For instance, a generic property of a class of functions is one that is true of "almost all" of those functions, as in the statements, "A generic polynomial does not have a root at zero," or "A generic square matrix is invertible." As another example, a generic property of a space is a property that holds at "almost all" points of the space, as in the statement, "If f : M → N is a smooth function between smooth manifolds, then a generic point of N is not a critical value of f.
