MotoneuroneLes motoneurones constituent la voie de sortie du système nerveux central ou la voie finale de tout acte moteur. Les corps cellulaires des motoneurones sont situés soit dans le tronc cérébral, soit dans la corne ventrale de la substance grise de la moelle épinière. Chaque motoneurone possède un axone qui part du système nerveux central pour innerver les fibres musculaires d'un muscle. L'ensemble constitué par un motoneurone et les fibres musculaires qu'il innerve constitue une unité motrice.
Apprentissage moteur. Les approches basées sur les théories de l’apprentissage moteur tiennent habituellement compte de quatre variables principales: les étapes d’apprentissage, le type de tâche à réaliser, la pratique et le feedback. Le processus d’apprentissage moteur comprend trois stades. Le premier est le stade cognitif, c’est-à-dire que l’individu connaît chaque séquence de la tâche à réaliser, mais il ne sait pas exactement comment l’exécuter. Ensuite, il y a le stade associatif, qui correspond au raffinement des habiletés motrices et à la diminution d’erreurs.
Fine motor skillFine motor skill (or dexterity) is the coordination of small muscles in movement with the eyes, hands and fingers. The complex levels of manual dexterity that humans exhibit can be related to the nervous system. Fine motor skills aid in the growth of intelligence and develop continuously throughout the stages of human development. Motor skills are movements and actions of the bone structures. Typically, they are categorised into two groups: gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
Mental status examinationThe mental status examination (MSE) is an important part of the clinical assessment process in neurological and psychiatric practice. It is a structured way of observing and describing a patient's psychological functioning at a given point in time, under the domains of appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment. There are some minor variations in the subdivision of the MSE and the sequence and names of MSE domains.
Entropy (classical thermodynamics)In classical thermodynamics, entropy () is a property of a thermodynamic system that expresses the direction or outcome of spontaneous changes in the system. The term was introduced by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-19th century to explain the relationship of the internal energy that is available or unavailable for transformations in form of heat and work. Entropy predicts that certain processes are irreversible or impossible, despite not violating the conservation of energy.
Unité motriceUne unité motrice est composée d'un motoneurone alpha et des fibres musculaires qu'il innerve: 1 neurone pour n fibres musculaires 1 neurone par fibre musculaire Des groupes d'unités motrices travaillent souvent ensemble pour coordonner les contractions d'un seul muscle. Toutes les unités motrices qui servent un même muscle sont considérées être un groupement d'unités motrices. Le nombre de fibres musculaires connectées à chaque unité peut varier : les muscles de la cuisse peuvent avoir jusqu'à mille fibres par unité, les muscles des yeux peuvent n'en avoir que dix.
Brain cellBrain cells make up the functional tissue of the brain. The rest of the brain tissue is structural or connective called the stroma which includes blood vessels. The two main types of cells in the brain are neurons, also known as nerve cells, and glial cells also known as neuroglia. Neurons are the excitable cells of the brain that function by communicating with other neurons and interneurons (via synapses), in neural circuits and larger brain networks.
Entropy productionEntropy production (or generation) is the amount of entropy which is produced during heat process to evaluate the efficiency of the process. Entropy is produced in irreversible processes. The importance of avoiding irreversible processes (hence reducing the entropy production) was recognized as early as 1824 by Carnot. In 1865 Rudolf Clausius expanded his previous work from 1854 on the concept of "unkompensierte Verwandlungen" (uncompensated transformations), which, in our modern nomenclature, would be called the entropy production.
Temperature–entropy diagramIn thermodynamics, a temperature–entropy (T–s) diagram is a thermodynamic diagram used to visualize changes to temperature (T ) and specific entropy (s) during a thermodynamic process or cycle as the graph of a curve. It is a useful and common tool, particularly because it helps to visualize the heat transfer during a process. For reversible (ideal) processes, the area under the T–s curve of a process is the heat transferred to the system during that process. Working fluids are often categorized on the basis of the shape of their T–s diagram.
Entropy as an arrow of timeEntropy is one of the few quantities in the physical sciences that require a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time. As one goes "forward" in time, the second law of thermodynamics says, the entropy of an isolated system can increase, but not decrease. Thus, entropy measurement is a way of distinguishing the past from the future. In thermodynamic systems that are not isolated, local entropy can decrease over time, accompanied by a compensating entropy increase in the surroundings; examples include objects undergoing cooling, living systems, and the formation of typical crystals.
