Growth, timing, & trajectory of vortices behind a rotating plate

The presence of aerodynamic vortices is widespread in nature. They can be found at small scales near the wing tip of flying insects or at bigger scale in the form of hurricanes, cyclones or even galaxies. They are identified as coherent regions of high vorticity where the flow is locally dominated by rotation over strain. A better comprehension of vortex dynamics has a great potential to increase aerodynamic performances of moving vehicles, such as drones or autonomous underwater vehicles. An accelerated flat plate, a pitching airfoil or a jet flow ejected from a nozzle give rise to the formation of a primary vortex, followed by the shedding of smaller secondary vortices. We experimentally study the growth, timing and trajectory of primary and secondary vortices generated from a rectangular flat plate that is rotated around its centre location in a quiescent fluid. We systematically vary the rotational speed of the plate to get a chord based Reynolds number \Rey that ranges from 800 to 12000. We identify the critical \Rey for the occurrence of secondary vortices to be at 2500. The timing of the formation of the primary vortex is \Rey independent but is affected by the plate's dimensions. The circulation of the primary vortex increases with the angular position $\alpha$ of the plate, until the plate reaches 30°. Increasing the thickness and decreasing the chord lead to a longer growth of the primary vortex. Therefore, the primary vortex reaches a higher dimensionless limit strength. We define a new dimensionless time $T^*$ based on the thickness of the plate to scale the age of the primary vortex. The primary vortex stops growing when $T^* \approx 10$, regardless of the dimensions of the plate. We consider this value to be the vortex formation number of the primary vortex generated from a rotating rectangular flat plate in a Reynolds number range that goes from 800 to 12000. When $\alpha$ > 30°, the circulation released in the flow is entrained into secondary vortices for $\Rey > 2500$. The circulation of all secondary vortices is approximately 4 to 5 times smaller than the circulation of the primary vortex. We present a modified version of the Kaden spiral that accurately predicts the shear layer evolution and the trajectory of primary and secondary vortices during the entire rotation of the plate. We model the timing dynamics of secondary vortices with a power law equation that depends on two distinct parameter: $\chi$ and $\alpha_{0}$. The parameter $\chi$ indicates the relative increase in the time interval between the release of successive secondary vortices. The parameter $\alpha_{0}$ indicates the angular position at which the primary vortex stops growing and pinches-off from the plate. We also observe that the total circulation released in the flow is proportional to $\alpha^{1/3}$, as predicted by the inviscid theory. The combination of the power law equation with the total circulation computed from inviscid theory predict the strength o