SemanticsSemantics () is the study of reference, meaning, or truth. The term can be used to refer to subfields of several distinct disciplines, including philosophy, linguistics and computer science. In English, the study of meaning in language has been known by many names that involve the Ancient Greek word σῆμα (sema, "sign, mark, token"). In 1690, a Greek rendering of the term semiotics, the interpretation of signs and symbols, finds an early allusion in John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding: The third Branch may be called σημειωτική [simeiotikí, "semiotics"], or the Doctrine of Signs, the most usual whereof being words, it is aptly enough termed also λογικὴ, Logick.
InteropérabilitéL’interopérabilité est la capacité que possède un produit ou un système, dont les interfaces sont intégralement connues, à fonctionner avec d’autres produits ou systèmes existants ou futurs et ce sans restriction d’accès ou de mise en œuvre. Il convient de distinguer « interopérabilité » et « compatibilité ». Pour être simple, on peut dire que la compatibilité est une notion verticale qui fait qu'un outil peut fonctionner dans un environnement donné en respectant toutes les caractéristiques et l'interopérabilité est une notion transversale qui permet à divers outils de pouvoir communiquer - quand on sait pourquoi, et comment, ils peuvent fonctionner ensemble.
Alignement d'ontologiesOntology alignment, or ontology matching, is the process of determining correspondences between concepts in ontologies. A set of correspondences is also called an alignment. The phrase takes on a slightly different meaning, in computer science, cognitive science or philosophy. For computer scientists, concepts are expressed as labels for data. Historically, the need for ontology alignment arose out of the need to integrate heterogeneous databases, ones developed independently and thus each having their own data vocabulary.
Comparaison des applications de partage de fichieris a method of distributing electronically stored information such as computer programs and digital media. Below is a list of file sharing applications, most of them make use of technologies. This comparison contains also download managers that can be used as file sharing applications. For pure download managers see the comparison of download managers, and for BitTorrent-only clients the comparison of BitTorrent clients. Note that several applications had adware or spyware tied in during the past and may have it again in the future.
Gnutellavignette|Gnucleus est une application Windows permettant d'accéder aux réseaux Gnutella et G2. Gnutella est un protocole informatique décentralisé de recherche et de transfert de fichiers pair-à-pair (aussi appelés P2P). Il a été imaginé en 2000 par et Justin Frankel alors programmeurs pour la société Nullsoft, qui a également édité WinAmp. Le protocole Gnutella continue d'évoluer durant la décennie 2000, permettant en outre une diminution sensible de la bande passante utilisée.
Source textA source text is a text (sometimes oral) from which information or ideas are derived. In translation, a source text is the original text that is to be translated into another language. In historiography, distinctions are commonly made between three kinds of source texts: Primary source Primary sources are firsthand written accounts made at the time of an event by someone who was present. They have been described as those sources closest to the origin of the information or idea under study.
