Human genetic variationHuman genetic variation is the genetic differences in and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (alleles), a situation called polymorphism. No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins (who develop from one zygote) have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting.
CartographieLa cartographie est la réalisation et l'étude des cartes géographiques et géologiques. Elle est très dépendante de la géodésie, science qui s'efforce de décrire, mesurer et rendre compte de la forme et des dimensions de la Terre. Le principe majeur de la cartographie est la représentation de données sur un support réduit représentant un espace généralement tenu pour réel. L'objectif de la carte, c'est une représentation concise et efficace, la simplification de phénomènes complexes (politiques, économiques, sociaux, etc.
Conservation geneticsConservation genetics is an interdisciplinary subfield of population genetics that aims to understand the dynamics of genes in a population for the purpose of natural resource management and extinction prevention. Researchers involved in conservation genetics come from a variety of fields including population genetics, natural resources, molecular ecology, biology, evolutionary biology, and systematics. Genetic diversity is one of the three fundamental measures of biodiversity (along with species diversity and ecosystem diversity), so it is an important consideration in the wider field of conservation biology.
Plant genetic resourcesPlant genetic resources describe the variability within plants that comes from human and natural selection over millennia. Their intrinsic value mainly concerns agricultural crops (crop biodiversity). According to the 1983 revised International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), plant genetic resources are defined as the entire generative and vegetative reproductive material of species with economical and/or social value, especially for the agriculture of the present and the future, with special emphasis on nutritional plants.
Adaptation and Natural SelectionAdaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought is a 1966 book by the American evolutionary biologist George C. Williams. Williams, in what is now considered a classic by evolutionary biologists, outlines a gene-centered view of evolution, disputes notions of evolutionary progress, and criticizes contemporary models of group selection, including the theories of Alfred Emerson, A. H. Sturtevant, and to a smaller extent, the work of V. C. Wynne-Edwards.
Génétique humaineLa génétique humaine est une branche de la génétique s'occupant de l'espèce animale Homo sapiens, c’est-à-dire l'être humain. L'être humain possède 46 chromosomes répartis en 23 paires : 22 paires d'autosomes et 1 paire de gonosomes ou chromosomes sexuels, appelés X et Y. Les hommes possèdent un chromosome X et un chromosome Y. Les femmes possèdent 2 chromosomes X.
Canalisation (biologie)La canalisation est, en biologie du développement, un modèle théorique et expérimental proposé par . Il s'agit de la mesure de la capacité d'un groupe d'individus à conserver le même phénotype malgré la variabilité de son environnement ou de son génotype. La première approche de ce concept fut apportée par Waddington (1942) disant que pour un caractère bien adapté – et donc proche de l’optimum – tout agent diminuant les effets néfastes des mutations devrait être sélectionné.
Génétique médicaleLa génétique médicale est la spécialité médicale qui étudie l'hérédité chez les individus et les causes génétiques des maladies. Le travail de la génétique médicale est d'abord d'étudier la présence de maladies dans une famille. Cela permet de faire des pronostics et donc de la prévention sur les enfants à naître. On parle de diagnostic génétique.
Evolutionary developmental psychologyEvolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognitive competencies, as well as the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions.
Vector overlayVector overlay is an operation (or class of operations) in a geographic information system (GIS) for integrating two or more vector spatial data sets. Terms such as polygon overlay, map overlay, and topological overlay are often used synonymously, although they are not identical in the range of operations they include. Overlay has been one of the core elements of spatial analysis in GIS since its early development. Some overlay operations, especially Intersect and Union, are implemented in all GIS software and are used in a wide variety of analytical applications, while others are less common.
