Banach fixed-point theoremIn mathematics, the Banach fixed-point theorem (also known as the contraction mapping theorem or contractive mapping theorem or Banach-Caccioppoli theorem) is an important tool in the theory of metric spaces; it guarantees the existence and uniqueness of fixed points of certain self-maps of metric spaces, and provides a constructive method to find those fixed points. It can be understood as an abstract formulation of Picard's method of successive approximations. The theorem is named after Stefan Banach (1892–1945) who first stated it in 1922.
Small-world networkA small-world network is a mathematical graph in which most nodes are not neighbors of one another, but the neighbors of any given node are likely to be neighbors of each other. Due to this, most neighboring nodes can be reached from every other node by a small number of hops or steps. Specifically, a small-world network is defined to be a network where the typical distance L between two randomly chosen nodes (the number of steps required) grows proportionally to the logarithm of the number of nodes N in the network, that is: while the global clustering coefficient is not small.
Apollo Guidance ComputerL'Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) est l'ordinateur embarqué de navigation et de pilotage installé dans les vaisseaux spatiaux des missions Apollo. Il a été conçu par la société MIT Instrumentation Laboratory sous la direction de Charles Stark Draper avec le matériel de conception dirigée par Eldon C. Hall. La fabrication de l'ordinateur était confiée à la société Sperry tandis que la programmation était réalisée au MIT. C'est le premier ordinateur à avoir recours aux circuits intégrés (CI).
Méthode de la fausse positionLa méthode de la fausse position ou méthode regula falsi ou méthode des excédents et déficits est au départ une méthode arithmétique. Plus récemment, on appelle ainsi en analyse numérique, un algorithme de recherche d'un zéro d'une fonction, qui combine les possibilités de la méthode de dichotomie et de la méthode de la sécante. De l'Antiquité au , son efficacité a longtemps permis de régler les problèmes linéaires sans recours à l'algèbre. Il en existe deux versions : simple et double, qui établissent la solution cherchée en exploitant le défaut présenté par une (resp.
Parking guidance and informationParking guidance and information (PGI) systems, or car park guidance systems, present drivers with dynamic information on parking within controlled areas. The systems combine traffic monitoring, communication, processing and variable message sign technologies to provide the service. Modern parking lots utilize a variety of technologies to help motorists find unoccupied parking spaces, car location when returning to the vehicle and improve their experience.
Hiérarchie analytiqueIn mathematical logic and descriptive set theory, the analytical hierarchy is an extension of the arithmetical hierarchy. The analytical hierarchy of formulas includes formulas in the language of second-order arithmetic, which can have quantifiers over both the set of natural numbers, , and over functions from to . The analytical hierarchy of sets classifies sets by the formulas that can be used to define them; it is the lightface version of the projective hierarchy.
