Valeurs de référence pour les principaux tests biologiquesLes valeurs de référence visent à décrire les différentes valeurs que peuvent prendre les résultats des examens de biologie médicale chez les sujets (humains ou animaux) en bonne santé d'un groupe d'individus définis (par exemple, classes d'âge, sexe, races chez les animaux). Leur production et leur présentation font l'objet de recommandations internationales (IFCC - CLSI). Elles sont, la plupart du temps, présentées sous forme d'un intervalle de référence avec une limite inférieure et supérieure, déterminées par des méthodes statistiques parfois complexes et devraient être exprimées dans le Système international d'unités.
Femtosecond pulse shapingIn optics, femtosecond pulse shaping refers to manipulations with temporal profile of an ultrashort laser pulse. Pulse shaping can be used to shorten/elongate the duration of optical pulse, or to generate complex pulses. Generation of sequences of ultrashort optical pulses is key in realizing ultra high speed optical networks, Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) systems, chemical and biological reaction triggering and monitoring etc.
Reference ranges for blood testsReference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.
Ultrashort pulseIn optics, an ultrashort pulse, also known as an ultrafast event, is an electromagnetic pulse whose time duration is of the order of a picosecond (10−12 second) or less. Such pulses have a broadband optical spectrum, and can be created by mode-locked oscillators. Amplification of ultrashort pulses almost always requires the technique of chirped pulse amplification, in order to avoid damage to the gain medium of the amplifier. They are characterized by a high peak intensity (or more correctly, irradiance) that usually leads to nonlinear interactions in various materials, including air.
