Roche magmatiqueLes roches magmatiques ou roches ignées (anciennement, roches éruptives), se forment quand un magma se refroidit et se solidifie, avec ou sans cristallisation complète des minéraux le composant. Cette solidification peut se produire : lentement en profondeur, cas des roches magmatiques plutoniques (dites « intrusives ») ; rapidement à la surface, cas des roches magmatiques volcaniques (dites « extrusives » ou « effusives »).
Shear strength (soil)Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that a soil can sustain. The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly cementation or bonding of particle contacts. Due to interlocking, particulate material may expand or contract in volume as it is subject to shear strains. If soil expands its volume, the density of particles will decrease and the strength will decrease; in this case, the peak strength would be followed by a reduction of shear stress.
