Alkali soilAlkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (greater than 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate, which causes the soil to swell and difficult to clarify/settle. They derive their name from the alkali metal group of elements, to which sodium belongs, and which can induce basicity.
Salinisationthumb|upright=1.2|Un exemple de salinisation dans le Colorado La salinisation est l'accumulation des sels hydrosolubles (potassium, magnésium, calcium, chlore, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate) dans les sols à des niveaux toxiques pour la plupart des plantes, animaux et champignons. La sodification est l'augmentation dans les sols de sels à haute teneur en sodium. La salinisation et la sodification sont devenue une cause importante de désertification, d'érosion et de dégradation des sols et de l'agriculture et plus largement de la biodiversité.
Source fieldIn theoretical physics, a source field is a background field coupled to the original field as This term appears in the action in Feynman's path integral formulation and responsible for the theory interactions. In Schwinger's formulation the source is responsible for creating or destroying (detecting) particles. In a collision reaction a source could the other particles in the collision. Therefore, the source appears in the vacuum amplitude acting from both sides on Green function correlator of the theory.
