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We propose a method to simulate muscle deformation in real-time, still aiming at satisfying visual results; that is, we are not attempting perfect simulation but building a useful tool for interactive applications. Muscles are represented at 2 levels: the action lines and the muscle shape. The action line represents the force produced by a muscle on the bones, while the muscle shapes used in the simulation consist of a surface based model fitted to the boundary of medical image data. The algorithm to model muscle shapes is described. To physically simulate deformations, we used a mass-spring system with a new kind of springs called “angular springs” which were developed to control the muscle volume during simulation. Results are presented as examples at the end of the paper
Johan Auwerx, Xiaoxu Li, Tanes Imamura de Lima, Keno Strotjohann, Alessia De Masi