Caesium standardThe caesium standard is a primary frequency standard in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms is used to control the output frequency. The first caesium clock was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK. and promoted worldwide by Gernot M. R. Winkler of the United States Naval Observatory. Caesium atomic clocks are one of the most accurate time and frequency standards, and serve as the primary standard for the definition of the second in the International System of Units (SI) (the modern form of the metric system).
CéramographieLa céramographie est l'art et la science de la préparation, de l'examen et de l'évaluation des microstructures en céramique. La céramographie peut être considérée comme la métallographie de la céramique. La microstructure est le niveau de structure d'environ 0,1 à 100 μm, entre la longueur d'onde minimale de la lumière visible et la limite de résolution de l'œil nu. La microstructure comprend la plupart des grains, phases secondaires, joints de grains, pores, micro-fissures et microindentions de dureté.
