Obstacles in energy planning at the urban scale

Cities are expected to play a key role in achieving the ambitious energy targets set by the European Union. By looking at opportunities beyond the single building scale, urban planners can significantly contribute to shape energy-efficient and low-carbon cities. However, the complexity involved in such a broad task impedes the realization of any simple solution. This paper aims to make clear the many interrelated challenges and obstacles which hinder efficient urban energy planning. After reviewing the new requirements and goals of urban planning and its links with energy issues, a systematic framework to analyze the issues at stake is presented. The importance of such a structured and comprehensive definition and understanding of the problem is discussed, arguing that it is a necessary step to improve and develop adapted solutions which embrace the entirety of the problem. The approach is applied to a case-study in Switzerland, mapping out the different challenges and corresponding solutions related to energy planning encountered in an urban development project. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.