Breast cancer screeningBreast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. A number of screening tests have been employed, including clinical and self breast exams, mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. A clinical or self breast exam involves feeling the breast for lumps or other abnormalities.
Estrogen (medication)An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, and as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. They can also be used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer and for various other indications. Estrogens are used alone or in combination with progestogens. They are available in a wide variety of formulations and for use by many different routes of administration.
Estrogen receptor alphaEstrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor (mainly found as a chromatin-binding protein) that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ERα is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1). The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription.
Hormone replacement therapyHormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. These symptoms can include hot flashes, vaginal atrophy, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle mass, sexual dysfunction, and bone loss or osteoporosis. They are in large part related to the diminished levels of sex hormones that occur during menopause. Estrogens and progestogens are the main hormone drugs used in HRT.
Membrane estrogen receptorMembrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen. Unlike the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. Putative mERs include membrane-associated ERα (mERα) and ERβ (mERβ), GPER (GPR30), GPRC6A, ER-X, ERx and Gq-mER. The mERs have been reviewed.
Combined injectable birth controlCombined injectable contraceptives (CICs) are a form of hormonal birth control for women. They consist of monthly injections of combined formulations containing an estrogen and a progestin to prevent pregnancy. CICs are different from progestogen-only injectable contraceptives (POICs), such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA; brand names Depo-Provera, Depo-SubQ Provera 104) and norethisterone enantate (NETE; brand name Noristerat), which are not combined with an estrogen and are given once every two to three months instead of once a month.
Épithéliumvignette|350px|Types d'épithéliums. Les épithéliums sont des tissus constitués de cellules étroitement juxtaposées (ou jointives), sans interposition de fibres ou de substance fondamentale (en microscopie optique, ce qui les distingue des tissus conjonctifs). Les cellules sont associées les unes aux autres grâce à des jonctions intercellulaires. Les épithéliums ne sont pas vascularisés, à l'exception des stries vasculaires (cochlée, production de l'endolymphe).
Selective progesterone receptor modulatorA selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) is an agent that acts on the progesterone receptor (PR), the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. A characteristic that distinguishes such substances from full receptor agonists (e.g., progesterone, progestins) and full antagonists (e.g., aglepristone) is that their action differs in different tissues, i.e. agonist in some tissues while antagonist in others.
Breast developmentBreast development, also known as mammogenesis, is a complex biological process in primates that takes place throughout a female's life. It occurs across several phases, including prenatal development, puberty, and pregnancy. At menopause, breast development ceases and the breasts atrophy. Breast development results in prominent and developed structures on the chest known as breasts in primates, which serve primarily as mammary glands.
Glande mammaireLes glandes mammaires sont les glandes des mamelles des mammifères mâles et femelles. Elles ont la particularité de sécréter le lait servant à l'allaitement de la progéniture. Les glandes mammaires sont, embryologiquement, des modifiées ayant initialement pour fonction de protéger des infections les œufs de mammifères protothériens. thumb|Glande mammaire humaine1 : Cage thoracique 2 : Muscles pectoraux 3 : Lobules 4 : Surface du mamelon 5 : Aréole 6 : Conduit galactophore 7 : Tissu adipeux 8 : Peau.
