This lecture delves into the analysis of scientific articles from 2005 to 2012, highlighting the prevalence of TES analysis in psychological studies. It discusses the misconceptions surrounding replication, the importance of data in defining theories, and the challenges of theory validation. The instructor emphasizes the need for caution in statistical reasoning, the significance of pre-registration in experiments, and the impact of alternative statistical methods. The lecture concludes with reflections on reproducibility in scientific research and the implications of faulty statistical reasoning in top journals.