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This lecture by the instructor delves into the complexity of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the formation of Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's plaques, and other pathological aggregates. The talk emphasizes the failure of current therapies and the need to rethink treatment strategies by understanding the role of post-translational modifications, the diversity of amyloid proteins, and the process of Lewy body formation. Various concepts such as amyloid polymorphism, strains, and phase separation are explored, shedding light on the challenges in drug development and the importance of targeting specific stages of disease progression.