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This lecture delves into the debate on overpopulation, exploring the consequences of rapid population growth on food resources, economic growth, and environmental degradation. The discussion covers the rise of hunger globally, the impact of the agricultural revolution, and the challenges of food security. It also examines the paradox of food scarcity amid abundance in countries like India, Ethiopia, and South Africa. The lecture presents contrasting views on the relationship between population growth and prosperity, discussing the implications for income growth, technological innovation, and environmental sustainability.