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This lecture discusses the decline of cancer death rates due to improved diagnostic tools, health conditions, and habits rather than better therapies. It covers conventional and targeted anticancer drugs, surgical oncology principles, radiotherapy history, resistance mechanisms, chemotherapy principles and history, types of chemotherapy, and resistance mechanisms. The lecture also explores the history of the first targeted drug, the efficacy of Gleevec in CML, targeting EGFR in NSCLC, specific mutations in EGFR, and the concept of synthetic lethality in cancer treatment.