Thermodynamic Transformations: Internal Energy and Kinetic Gas Theory

This lecture covers functions of multiple variables, partial derivatives, state variables, and state functions. It delves into the microscopic rationalization of pressure, internal energy, and the first law of Thermodynamics. The discussion extends to kinetic gas theory, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and thermodynamic transformations, emphasizing isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric processes. The lecture also explores temperature measurement methods, including thermometers and gas thermometers. It concludes with the concept of absolute zero, unit conversions for temperature, and the first law of Thermodynamics.