Phase Transitions: Van der Waals Gas

This lecture covers phase transitions, including types and coexistence of solid, liquid, and gas phases. It also discusses the van der Waals gas equation of state, critical points, and the construction of Maxwell diagrams. The instructor explains the concepts of latent heat, Clausius-Clapeyron relation, Gibbs phase rule, and real gases. The lecture delves into the concavity of entropy, convexity of internal energy, and the energy of the van der Waals gas. It concludes with the analysis of the van der Waals cycle and the internal energy variations during Joule expansion, emphasizing the impact of attractive forces on temperature changes.