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This lecture covers the regulation of transcription and translation processes in cells, focusing on mechanisms such as positive and negative control, repression, and derepression. It explores the role of regulatory proteins, activators, and repressors in controlling gene expression. Additionally, it delves into the concept of riboswitches, small RNAs, and alternative splicing of mRNA in eukaryotes. The instructor discusses how these regulatory mechanisms impact the synthesis of proteins and the overall functioning of biological pathways.