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In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (ˈælɡərɪðəm) is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can use conditionals to divert the code execution through various routes (referred to as automated decision-making) and deduce valid inferences (referred to as automated reasoning), achieving automation eventually.
Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which classically studies zeros of multivariate polynomials. Modern algebraic geometry is based on the use of abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, for solving geometrical problems about these sets of zeros. The fundamental objects of study in algebraic geometry are algebraic varieties, which are geometric manifestations of solutions of systems of polynomial equations.
Vector quantization (VQ) is a classical quantization technique from signal processing that allows the modeling of probability density functions by the distribution of prototype vectors. It was originally used for data compression. It works by dividing a large set of points (vectors) into groups having approximately the same number of points closest to them. Each group is represented by its centroid point, as in k-means and some other clustering algorithms.
Ahlswede et al. in the seminal paper [1] have shown that in data transfer over networks, processing the data at the nodes can significantly improve the throughput. As proved by Li et al. in [2], even
Determining the size of a maximum independent set of a graph G, denoted by alpha(G), is an NP-hard problem. Therefore many attempts are made to find upper and lower bounds, or exact values of alpha(G)
Several fundamental problems that arise in optimization and computer science can be cast as follows: Given vectors v(1), ..., v(m) is an element of R-d and a constraint family B subset of 2([m]), find