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Wave propagation in granular solids is found to have at least two regimes: a low-frequency ballistic signal and a high-frequency diffusive tail. The latter is attributed to granules clapping or elastic waves within the granules themselves. The low frequency front is traditionally attributed to the rigid-body motion of particles and their interactions via quasi-static contact forces. We present results obtained with experimental and numerical models indicating that the low-frequency ballistic wavefront is itself the result of surface waves in the granules. We find surface waves to be the principal mechanism of energy transmission.
Romain Christophe Rémy Fleury, Janez Rus, Aleksi Antoine Bossart
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Brice Tanguy Alphonse Lecampion, Seyyedmaalek Momeni, Christophe Nussbaum