Publication

A 2.4-GHz low power polar transmitter for wireless body area network applications

Abstract

A 2.4 GHz low power polar transmitter is proposed in this paper. A dynamic biasing circuit, controlled by a digital envelope signal, is used as a direct digital-to-RF envelope converter. It effectively linearizes the input-output characteristic of the overdriven cascode class-C power amplifier used as the output stage, by dynamically adjusting the bias voltage of the cascode transistor. An equivalent baseband model of the transmitter is presented and used to optimize system parameters and give initial assessment of the achievable performance in terms of efficiency and linearity. Based on these simulations, parameters for transistor-level implementation of the bias circuit are derived. The transmitter is designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The post layout simulations indicate that the transmitter successfully meets the requirements of the IEEE 802.15.6 standard for wireless body area networks. The simulated amplifier consumes 4.75 mA from a 1.2 V supply while delivering 1.45 dBm of output power with a peak efficiency of 24 %. The entire transmitter, including the PLL, consumes 7.5 mA.

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Related concepts (36)
Equivalent circuit
In electrical engineering, an equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical circuit that retains all of the electrical characteristics of a given circuit. Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that is a simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. In its most common form, an equivalent circuit is made up of linear, passive elements. However, more complex equivalent circuits are used that approximate the nonlinear behavior of the original circuit as well.
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In electronics, biasing is the setting of DC (direct current) operating conditions (current and voltage) of an active device in an amplifier. Many electronic devices, such as diodes, transistors and vacuum tubes, whose function is processing time-varying (AC) signals, also require a steady (DC) current or voltage at their terminals to operate correctly. This current or voltage is called bias. The AC signal applied to them is superposed on this DC bias current or voltage.
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