Publication

Reinforced polypyrrole with 2D graphene flakes decorated with interconnected nickel-tungsten metal oxide complex toward superiorly stable supercapacitor

Abstract

Prompt development of electronic devices and sensors raised the requirement for design/fabrication of advanced energy sources capable of providing considerable amount of energy for consuming platforms through practical nanotechnological approaches. For this aim, we have developed a highly active 2D nanostructure consisted of reinforced conductive polypyrrole (PPy) with decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with hybrid metal oxide complex of Ni/W (PPy-G-Ni-W) toward supercapacitor applications. The hybrid 2D platform showed remarkable specific capacitance of 597 F.g(-1) and 557 F.g(-1) using CV and GCD analyses, respectively, through using three-electrode system. The developed supercapacitor exhibited fantastic stability upon maintaining 98.2% of its total performance after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Likewise, the applicable two-electrode device using same electrode configurations composed of PPy-G-Ni-W//PPy-G-Ni-W showed specific capacitances of 361 F.g(-1) and 342 F.g(-1) at scan rate and current density of 2 mV.s(-1) and 0.5 A.g(-1) using CV and GCD techniques, respectively. Outcome of optimum supercapacitance configuration consisted of two-electrode system exhibits ideal energy density of 14.4 Wh.kg(-1) at power density of 275 W.kg(-1). More importantly, the device preserved 96.4% of its total specific capacitance after 5000 charge-discharge cycles which highlighting the excellent capacitive capability along with ultra-stability of the developed platform toward real energy applications.

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Supercapacitor
A supercapacitor (SC), also called an ultracapacitor, is a high-capacity capacitor, with a capacitance value much higher than other capacitors but with lower voltage limits. It bridges the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries. It typically stores 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerates many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.
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Potential graphene applications include lightweight, thin, and flexible electric/photonics circuits, solar cells, and various medical, chemical and industrial processes enhanced or enabled by the use of new graphene materials. In 2008, graphene produced by exfoliation was one of the most expensive materials on Earth, with a sample the area of a cross section of a human hair costing more than 1,000asofApril2008(about1,000 as of April 2008 (about 100,000,000/cm2). Since then, exfoliation procedures have been scaled up, and now companies sell graphene in large quantities.
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Graphene (ˈgræfiːn) is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds. Each atom in a graphene sheet is connected to its three nearest neighbors by σ-bonds and a delocalised π-bond, which contributes to a valence band that extends over the whole sheet.
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