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Concept
Earthworks (engineering)
Summary
Earthworks are engineering works created through the processing of parts of the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock.
An incomplete list of possible temporary or permanent geotechnical shoring structures that may be designed and utilised as part of earthworks:
Mechanically stabilized earth
Earth anchor
Cliff stabilization
Grout curtain
Retaining wall
Slurry wall
Soil nailing
Tieback (geotechnical)
Trench shoring
Caisson
Dam
Gabion
Ground freezing
File:Mechanically stabilized earth diagram.gif|[[Mechanically stabilized earth]]
File:GroutCurtain.gif|[[Grout curtain]]
File:Retaining Wall Type Function.jpg|[[Retaining wall]] types
File:Soil Nail.jpg|[[Soil nailing]]
File:FEMA - 6044 - Photograph by Larry Lerner taken on 03-15-2002 in New York.jpg|[[Tieback (geotechnical)|Tieback]]
File:Sbh s600.JPG|[[Trench shoring]]
File:Caisson Schematic.svg|[[Caisson (engineering)|Caisson]]
File:Vyrnwy dam.JPG|[[Dam]]
File:Gabion 040.jpg|[[Gabion]]s
File:Cross section of a ground freezing pipe as used in the big dig.gif|[[Ground freezing]]
Digging
Excavation may be classified by type of material:
Topsoil excavation
Earth excavation
Rock excavation
Muck excavation – this usually contains excess water and unsuitable soil
Unclassified excavation – this is any combination of material types
Excavation may be classified by the purpose:
Stripping
Roadway excavation
Drainage or structure excavation
Bridge excavation
Channel excavation
Footing excavation
Borrow excavation
Dredge excavation
Underground excavation
Typical earthworks include road construction, railway beds, causeways, dams, levees, canals, and berms. Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize slopes.
In military engineering, earthworks are, more specifically, types of fortifications constructed from soil. Although soil is not very strong, it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used, generating formidable structures. Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moats, sod walls, motte-and-bailey castles, and hill forts.
Official source
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