Earthworks are engineering works created through the processing of parts of the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock.
An incomplete list of possible temporary or permanent geotechnical shoring structures that may be designed and utilised as part of earthworks:
Mechanically stabilized earth
Earth anchor
Cliff stabilization
Grout curtain
Retaining wall
Slurry wall
Soil nailing
Tieback (geotechnical)
Trench shoring
Caisson
Dam
Gabion
Ground freezing
File:Mechanically stabilized earth diagram.gif|[[Mechanically stabilized earth]]
File:GroutCurtain.gif|[[Grout curtain]]
File:Retaining Wall Type Function.jpg|[[Retaining wall]] types
File:Soil Nail.jpg|[[Soil nailing]]
File:FEMA - 6044 - Photograph by Larry Lerner taken on 03-15-2002 in New York.jpg|[[Tieback (geotechnical)|Tieback]]
File:Sbh s600.JPG|[[Trench shoring]]
File:Caisson Schematic.svg|[[Caisson (engineering)|Caisson]]
File:Vyrnwy dam.JPG|[[Dam]]
File:Gabion 040.jpg|[[Gabion]]s
File:Cross section of a ground freezing pipe as used in the big dig.gif|[[Ground freezing]]
Digging
Excavation may be classified by type of material:
Topsoil excavation
Earth excavation
Rock excavation
Muck excavation – this usually contains excess water and unsuitable soil
Unclassified excavation – this is any combination of material types
Excavation may be classified by the purpose:
Stripping
Roadway excavation
Drainage or structure excavation
Bridge excavation
Channel excavation
Footing excavation
Borrow excavation
Dredge excavation
Underground excavation
Typical earthworks include road construction, railway beds, causeways, dams, levees, canals, and berms. Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize slopes.
In military engineering, earthworks are, more specifically, types of fortifications constructed from soil. Although soil is not very strong, it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used, generating formidable structures. Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moats, sod walls, motte-and-bailey castles, and hill forts.
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In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper (also known as a land scraper , land leveler or 'tournapull') is a type of heavy equipment used for earthmoving. It has a pan/hopper for loading and carrying material. The pan has a tapered horizontal front cutting edge that cuts into the soil like a carpenter's plane or cheese slicer and fills the hopper which has a movable ejection system. The horsepower of the machine, depth of the cut, type of material, and slope of the cut area affect how quickly the pan is filled.
In civil engineering, a cut or cutting is where soil or rock from a relative rise along a route is removed. The term is also used in river management to speed a waterway's flow by short-cutting a meander. Cuts are typically used in road, rail, and canal construction to reduce the length and grade of a route. Cut and fill construction uses the spoils from cuts to fill in defiles to cost-effectively create relatively straight routes at steady grades. Cuts are used as alternatives to indirect routes, embankments, or viaducts.
Heavy Equipment, Heavy Machinery, Earthmovers, Construction Vehicles, or Construction Equipment, refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information. Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane in De architectura when it was powered via human or animal labor.
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