November 22

498 – After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore. 845 – The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Frankish king Charles the Bald at the Battle of Ballon near Redon. 1307 – Pope Clement V issues the papal bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets. 1574 – Spanish navigator Juan Fernández discovers islands now known as the Juan Fernández Islands off Chile. 1635 – Dutch colonial forces on Taiwan launch a pacification campaign against native villages, resulting in Dutch control of the middle and south of the island. 1718 – Royal Navy Lieutenant Robert Maynard attacks and boards the vessels of the British pirate Edward Teach (best known as "Blackbeard") off the coast of North Carolina. The casualties on both sides include Maynard's first officer Mister Hyde and Teach himself. 1837 – Canadian journalist and politician William Lyon Mackenzie calls for a rebellion against the United Kingdom in his essay "To the People of Upper Canada", published in his newspaper The Constitution. 1855 – In Birmingham, England, Albert, Prince Consort lays the foundation stone of the Birmingham and Midland Institute. 1869 – In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper Cutty Sark is launched. 1873 – The French steamer SS Ville du Havre sinks in 12 minutes after colliding with the Scottish iron clipper Loch Earn in the Atlantic, with a loss of 226 lives. 1908 – The Congress of Manastir establishes the Albanian alphabet. 1921 – During The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922), 22 Irish Nationalists are killed in Belfast in one day. 1935 – The China Clipper inaugurates the first commercial transpacific air service, connecting Alameda, California with Manila. 1940 – World War II: Following the initial Italian invasion, Greek troops counterattack into Italian-occupied Albania and capture Korytsa.