Dental trauma

Dental trauma refers to trauma (injury) to the teeth and/or periodontium (gums, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone), and nearby soft tissues such as the lips, tongue, etc. The study of dental trauma is called dental traumatology. Dental injuries include: Enamel infraction Enamel fracture Enamel-dentine fracture Enamel-dentine fracture involving pulp exposure Root fracture of tooth Concussion (bruising) Subluxation of the tooth (tooth knocked loose) Luxation of the tooth (displaced) Extrusive Intrusive Lateral Avulsion of the tooth (tooth knocked out) This injury involves the alveolar bone and may extend beyond the alveolus. There are five different types of alveolar fractures: Communicated fracture of the socket wall Fracture of the socket wall Dentoalveolar fracture (segmental) Fracture of the maxilla : Le Fort fracture, zygomatic fracture, orbital blowout Fracture of the mandible Trauma injuries involving the alveolus can be complicated as it does not happen in isolation, very often presents along with other types of tooth tissue injuries. Signs of dentoalveolar fracture: Change to occlusion Multiple teeth moving together as a segment and are normally displaced Bruising of attached gingivae Gingivae across the fracture line often lacerated Investigation: Require more than one radiographic view to identify the fracture line. Treatment: Reposition displaced teeth under local anaesthetic and stabilise the mobile segment with a splint for 4 weeks, suture any soft tissue lacerations. Soft tissues injuries are presented commonly in association with dental trauma. Areas normally affected are lips, buccal mucosa, gingivae, frenum and tongue. The most common injuries are lips and gingivae. For lips, important to rule out presence of foreign objects in wounds and lacerations through careful examination. A radiograph can be taken to identify any potential foreign objects. Gingivae lacerations that are small normally heals spontaneously and do not require any intervention. However, this can be one of the clinical presentation of an alveolar fracture.

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Pulp necrosis

Pulp necrosis is a clinical diagnostic category indicating the death of cells and tissues in the pulp chamber of a tooth with or without bacterial invasion. It is often the end result of many cases of dental trauma, caries and irreversible pulpitis. In the initial stage of the infection, the pulp chamber is partially necrosed for a period of time and if left untreated, the area of cell death expands until the entire pulp necroses. The most common clinical signs present in a tooth with a necrosed pulp would be a grey discoloration of the crown and/or periapical radiolucency.

Tooth ankylosis

Tooth ankylosis is the pathological fusion between alveolar bone and the cementum of teeth, which is a rare phenomenon in the deciduous dentition and even more uncommon in permanent teeth. Ankylosis occurs when partial root resorption is followed by repair with either cementum or dentine that unites the tooth root with the alveolar bone, usually after trauma. However, root resorption does not necessarily lead to tooth ankylosis and the causes of tooth ankylosis remain uncertain to a large extent.

Dental abscess

A dental abscess is a localized collection of pus associated with a tooth. The most common type of dental abscess is a periapical abscess, and the second most common is a periodontal abscess. In a periapical abscess, usually the origin is a bacterial infection that has accumulated in the soft, often dead, pulp of the tooth. This can be caused by tooth decay, broken teeth or extensive periodontal disease (or combinations of these factors). A failed root canal treatment may also create a similar abscess.

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Background In contact sports, an impact on the jaw can generate destructive stress on the tooth-bone system. Mouthguards can be beneficial in reducing the injury risk by changing the dynamics of the trauma. The material properties of mouthguards and their ...

Springer2024

Numerical modeling of two-dimensional delamination growth in composite laminates with in-plane isotropy

Thomas Keller, Anastasios Vassilopoulos, Congzhe Wang

The two-dimensional (2D) delamination growth in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates with in-plane isotropy under Mode I loading condition was numerically investigated using finite element analyses. Two sizes of plate models were developed, focusing on ...

2021

Réseau de capteurs capacitifs pour la surveillance d'une occlusion dentaire

Marco Letizia, Marco Borotto

The invention relates to devices, systems and methods exploiting capacitive means for monitoring and analysing teeth-related parameters in a subject, such as the dental occlusion profile and/or the load/force applied upon clenching. The device comprises a ...

2017