The Gifford Lectures (ˈgɪfərd) are an annual series of lectures which were established in 1887 by the will of Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford. Their purpose is to "promote and diffuse the study of natural theology in the widest sense of the term – in other words, the knowledge of God." A Gifford lectures appointment is one of the most prestigious honours in Scottish academia. The lectures are given at four Scottish universities: University of St Andrews, University of Glasgow, University of Aberdeen and University of Edinburgh.
University calendars record that at the four Scottish universities, the Gifford Lectures are to be "public and popular, open not only to students of the university, but the whole community (for a tuition fee) without matriculation. Besides a general audience, the Lecturer may form a special class of students for the study of the subject, which will be conducted in the usual way, and tested by examination and thesis, written and oral". In 1889, those attending the Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews were described as "mixed" and included women as well as male undergraduates.
The lectures are normally presented as a series over an academic year and given with the intent that the edited content be published in book form. A number of these works have become classics in the fields of theology or philosophy and the relationship between religion and science.
The first woman appointed was Hannah Arendt who presented in Aberdeen between 1972 and 1974.
A comparable lecture series is the John Locke Lectures, which are delivered annually at the University of Oxford.
1888-91 E.B. Tylor The Natural History of Religion
1896–98 James Ward Naturalism and Agnosticism
1898–00 Josiah Royce The World and the Individual
1904–06 James Adam The Religious Teachers of Greece
1907–08 Hans Driesch The Science and Philosophy of the Organism
1911–13 Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison The Idea of God in the light of Recent Philosophy
1914–15 William Ritchie Sorley Moral Values and the Idea of God
1930–32 Etienne Gilson The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy
1936–38 Karl Barth The Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation
1939–40 Arthur Darby Nock Hellenistic Religion - The Two Phases
1949–50 Gabriel Marcel The Mystery of Being , Faith and Reality
1951–52 Michael Polanyi Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy,
1953–54 Paul Tillich Systematic Theology (3 vols.
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