January 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – The Royal Prussian Army led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher crosses the Rhine.
January 3
War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Cattaro: French garrison surrenders to the British after ten days of bombardment.
War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Metz: Allied armies lay siege to the French city and fortress of Metz.
January 5 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Puruarán: Spanish Royalists defeat Mexican Rebels.
January 11 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Hoogstraten: Prussian forces under Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow defeat the French.
January 14
Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway into personal union with Sweden, in exchange for west Pomerania. This marks the end of the real union of Denmark-Norway.
War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Antwerp: Allied forces besiege French Antwerp.
January 19 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Ragusa: Allied siege of French town begins.
January 22, January 24 – War of 1812 – Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Red Sticks.
January 24 – War of the Sixth Coalition – First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube: Two Austrian and Württemberger corps wage an inconclusive battle against the French Imperial Guard.
January 27
War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Ragusa: French garrison surrenders to the British and the Austrians.
War of 1812 – Battle of Calebee Creek: US forces under John Floyd defeat the Red Sticks in Alabama.
January 29 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Brienne: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher.
January 31 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.
February – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon.
February 1
Mount Mayon in the Philippines erupts for the second time; more than 1,200 people die and the Cagsawa Church is destroyed.
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January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England. January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. January 8 – Battle of New Orleans: American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British forces led by Sir Edward Pakenham. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes). January 13 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St.
January 13 – American songwriter Stephen Foster ("Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "Beautiful Dreamer" is published in March. January 16 – Denmark rejects an Austrian-Prussian ultimatum to repeal the Danish Constitution, which says that Schleswig-Holstein is part of Denmark. January 21 – New Zealand Wars: The Tauranga campaign begins.
January 1 – The Specie Resumption Act takes effect. The United States Note is valued the same as gold, for the first time since the American Civil War. January 11 – The Anglo-Zulu War begins. January 22 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Isandlwana: A force of 1,200 British soldiers is wiped out by over 20,000 Zulu warriors. January 23 – Anglo-Zulu War – Battle of Rorke's Drift: Following the previous day's defeat, a smaller British force of 140 successfully repels an attack by 4,000 Zulus.