Coca | EPFL Graph Search

Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. Coca is known worldwide for its psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine. Coca crops have been grown for well over 8,000 years in South America and represent the most important physical commodity for numerous indigenous cultures arising from the use of the leaves as medicine and mild, daily stimulant. The plant is grown as a cash crop in the Argentine Northwest, Bolivia, Alto Rio Negro Territory in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru, even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful. There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico, by using seeds imported from South America, as an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine. It also plays a fundamental role in many traditional Amazonian and Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. The cocaine alkaloid content of dry Erythroxylum coca var. coca leaves was measured ranging from 0.23% to 0.96%. Coca-Cola used coca leaf extract in its products from 1885 until about 1903, when it began using decocainized leaf extract. Extraction of cocaine from coca requires several solvents and a chemical process known as an acid-base extraction, which can fairly easily extract the alkaloids from the plant. The coca plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of . The branches are straight, and the leaves are thin, opaque, oval, and taper at the extremities. A marked characteristic of the leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf. The flowers are small, and disposed in clusters on short stalks; the corolla is composed of five yellowish-white petals, the anthers are heart-shaped, and the pistil consists of three carpels united to form a three-chambered ovary. The flowers mature into red berries. The leaves are sometimes eaten by the larvae of the moth Eloria noyesi.

From the Cover: Zebrafish Larvae Are Insensitive to Stimulation by Cocaine: Importance of Exposure Route and Toxicokinetics

Kristin Schirmer, Julita Maria Stadnicka-Michalak

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae have been suggested as vertebrate model to complement or even replace mammals for rapidly assessing behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs. Yet, divergent responses have been reported in mammals and fish despite the conserv ...

Oxford Univ Press2016

Cocaine detection by a mid-infrared waveguide integrated with a microfluidic chip

Nico de Rooij, Hans Peter Herzig, Peter Van der Wal, Vincent Paeder, Lubos Hvozdara, Philip Wägli, Yu-Chi Chang, Joab Di Francesco

A germanium (Ge) strip waveguide on a silicon (Si) substrate is integrated with a microfluidic chip to detect cocaine in tetrachloroethylene (PCE) solutions. In the evanescent field of the waveguide, cocaine absorbs the light near 5.8 mm, which is emitted ...

Royal Soc Chemistry2012

Mid infrared waveguide spectroscopy for cocaine detection in liquid environments

Nico de Rooij, Hans Peter Herzig, Peter Van der Wal, Vincent Paeder, Lubos Hvozdara, Philip Wägli, Yu-Chi Chang, Joab Di Francesco

A germanium strip waveguide on a silicon substrate is integrated with a microfluidic chip to detect cocaine in tetrachloroethylene solutions. In the evanescent field of the waveguide, cocaine absorbs the light at 5.8μm, which is emitted from a quantum casc ...

2012