Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
Summary
Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) produce lesions (demyelinated areas in the CNS) and glial scars or scleroses. They present different shapes and histological findings according to the underlying condition that produces them.
Demyelinating diseases are traditionally classified in two kinds: demyelinating myelinoclastic diseases and demyelinating leukodystrophic diseases. In the first group a normal and healthy myelin is destroyed by a toxic, chemical or autoimmune substance. In the second group, myelin is abnormal and degenerates. The second group was denominated dysmyelinating diseases by Poser Therefore, since Poser demyelinating diseases normally refers to the myelinoclastic part.
Demyelinating diseases of the CNS can be classified according to their pathogenesis into five non-exclusing categories: demyelination due to inflammatory processes, viral demyelination, demyelination caused by acquired metabolic derangements, hypoxic–ischaemic forms of demyelination and demyelination caused by focal compression.
The four non-inflammatory possibilities are:
viral demyelination,
metabolic demyelination (Leukodystrophy and its sub-conditions, Adrenoleukodystrophy and Adrenomyeloneuropathy ),
hypoxic–ischaemic forms of demyelination (Susac's syndrome, leukoaraiosis) and,
demyelination caused by focal compression.
All these four types of demyelination are non-inflammatory and different to MS even if some leukoencephalopathies can produce similar lesions
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases
Typical lesions are similar to those of MS, but there are four kinds of atypical inflammatory demyelinating lesions: Ring-like (antibody-mediated), megacystic (tumefactive), Balo-like, and diffusely-infiltrating lesions.
The list of the diseases that produce CNS demyelinating lesions is not complete, but it includes:
Standard multiple sclerosis, the most known and extended variant.
This page is automatically generated and may contain information that is not correct, complete, up-to-date, or relevant to your search query. The same applies to every other page on this website. Please make sure to verify the information with EPFL's official sources.
The goal of the course is to guide students through the essential aspects of molecular neuroscience and neurodegenerative diseases. The student will gain the ability to dissect the molecular basis of
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), including neuromyelitis optica (NMO), are autoimmune diseases characterized by acute inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis, ON) and the spinal cord (myelitis). Episodes of ON and myelitis can be simultaneous or successive. A relapsing disease course is common, especially in untreated patients. In more than 80% of cases, NMO is caused by immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4), the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system.
In most vertebrates (including humans), myelin is a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons (the nervous system's "wires") to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (called action potentials) are passed along the axon. The myelinated axon can be likened to an electrical wire (the axon) with insulating material (myelin) around it. However, unlike the plastic covering on an electrical wire, myelin does not form a single long sheath over the entire length of the axon.
Explores the structure and function of glial cells in the nervous system, including their roles in myelination, synaptic transmission, and memory formation.
Neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders often involve complex pathophysiological mechanisms that are â to this date â only partially understood. A more comprehensive understanding of those microstructural processes and their characterization ...
Objectives: The precise location of multiple sclerosis (MS) cortical lesions can be very challenging at 3 T, yet distinguishing them from subcortical lesions is essential for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Compressed sensing-accelerated fluid ...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MS lesions exhibit varying degrees of axonal and myelin damage. A comprehensive description of lesion phenotypes could contribute to an improved radiologic evaluation of smoldering inflammation and remyelination processes. This stud ...