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Concept
Dinitrogen pentoxide
Summary
Dinitrogen pentoxide (also known as nitrogen pentoxide or nitric anhydride) is the chemical compound with the formula . It is one of the binary nitrogen oxides, a family of compounds that only contain nitrogen and oxygen. It exists as colourless crystals that sublime slightly above room temperature, yielding a colorless gas.
Dinitrogen pentoxide is an unstable and potentially dangerous oxidizer that once was used as a reagent when dissolved in chloroform for nitrations but has largely been superseded by nitronium tetrafluoroborate ().
is a rare example of a compound that adopts two structures depending on the conditions. The solid is a salt, nitronium nitrate, consisting of separate nitronium cations and nitrate anions ; but in the gas phase and under some other conditions it is a covalently-bound molecule.
was first reported by Deville in 1840, who prepared it by treating silver nitrate () with chlorine.
Pure solid is a salt, consisting of separated linear nitronium ions and planar trigonal nitrate anions . Both nitrogen centers have oxidation state +5. It crystallizes in the space group D (C6/mmc) with Z = 2, with the anions in the D3h sites and the cations in D3d sites.
The vapor pressure P (in atm) as a function of temperature T (in kelvin), in the range , is well approximated by the formula
being about 48 torr at 0 °C, 424 torr at 25 °C, and 760 torr at 32 °C (9 °C below the melting point).
In the gas phase, or when dissolved in nonpolar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, the compound exists as covalently-bonded molecules . In the gas phase, theoretical calculations for the minimum-energy configuration indicate that the angle in each wing is about 134° and the angle is about 112°. In that configuration, the two groups are rotated about 35° around the bonds to the central oxygen, away from the plane. The molecule thus has a propeller shape, with one axis of 180° rotational symmetry (C2)
When gaseous is cooled rapidly ("quenched"), one can obtain the metastable molecular form, which exothermically converts to the ionic form above −70 °C.
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