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Concept
Unification of Italy
Summary
The unification of Italy (Unità d'Italia uniˈta ddiˈtaːlja), also known as the Risorgimento (rɪˌsɔːrdʒɪˈmɛntoʊ, risordʒiˈmento; Resurgence), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the Revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871 after the capture of Rome and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.
Some of the states that had been mooted for unification (terre irredente) did not join the Kingdom until 1918 after Italy defeated Austria-Hungary in the First World War. For this reason, some histories see the period as continuing past 1871, including activities during the late 19th century and the First World War (1914–1918, such as the secret Italo-Franco-British-Russian Treaty of London of 1915), and reaching completion with the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 4 November 1918 and the next year's Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. This greatest definition of the unification period is that presented at the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano, Rome.
The Treaty of Rapallo (1920) after WWI gave Italy several ethnically complicated territories along the Adriatic coast. It arguably fell short of Italian territorial goals in order to give some regard to the principle of ethnic self-determination in Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, as Italian territorial goals did not necessarily align with the geographical distributions of the ethnicities of the Adriatic coast. This gave rise to the sentiment that Italian victory in WWI was a vittoria mutilata, which motivated Italian territorial goals during WWII.
Italy was unified by the Roman Republic in the latter part of the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status but was not converted into a province.
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