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Concept
Internal passport
Summary
An internal passport or a domestic passport is an identity document. Uses for internal passports have included restricting citizens of a subdivided state to employment in their own area (preventing their migration to richer cities or regions), clearly recording the ethnicity of citizens to enforce segregation or prevent passing, and controlling access to sensitive sites or closed cities.
When passports first emerged, there was no clear distinction between internal and international ones. Later, some countries developed sophisticated systems of passports for various purposes and various groups of population.
Countries that currently have internal passports in the strict sense (to control internal migration) include:
(Hukou),
(hoju),
(Russian internal passport)
Internal passports are known to have been issued and used previously by:
and its successor states,
until 1862
(for African-Americans in slave states prior to the Civil War),
(see Soviet Union internal passport),
(passaporto per l'interno)
between 1919 and 1940, not intended for traveling; but rather acting as personal identification documents entitling the user to Lithuanian citizenship.
during apartheid
(until 2016, replaced by National Card)
(from 1938 until 1943)
(until 1860)
(until 2020; new document occasionally called "passport card" but carries no restrictions on internal migration)
In many countries, the word "passport" is only used in modern language to denote a document issued for the purpose of international travel, which is subject to discretionary permission. However, in post-Soviet countries, the word "passport" is implied to merely mean a primary identification document, especially if has the form of a booklet. Nevertheless, it is also extended by analogy to other forms of identification documents. For example, Ukrainian identity cards that are replacing old-fashioned internal passport booklets are still called паспорт (pasport, "passport").
Pass system (Canadian history)
In 1885 the "pass system" was introduced in Canada, to restrict and control the movement of First Nations people within Canada.
Official source
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