Bisphenol A

Summary

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound primarily used in the manufacturing of various plastics. It is a colourless solid which is soluble in most common organic solvents, but has very poor solubility in water. BPA is produced on an industrial scale by the condensation reaction of phenol and acetone. Global production in 2022 was estimated to be in the region of 10 million tonnes. BPA's largest single application is as a co-monomer in the production of polycarbonates, which accounts for 65–70% of all BPA production. The manufacturing of epoxy resins and vinyl ester resins account for 25–30% of BPA use. The remaining 5% is used as a major component of several high-performance plastics, and as a minor additive in PVC, polyurethane, thermal paper, and several other materials. It is not a plasticizer, although it is often wrongly labelled

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A

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Dye-sensitized photocatalytic suspension system for wastewater treatment is still limited in practice due to particle aggregation, fast charge carrier recombination, poor stability and recycling issue. In this study, we combine TiO2 nano-crystalline film with D35 organic dye to fabricate a new visible-light photocatalyst D35-TiO2, which exhibits excellent visible light absorption. Its transient photocurrent is almost 10 times higher than pure TiO2 under visible light illumination (lambda > 420 nm). Besides the well characterizations of the D35-TiO2 film, e.g., SEM, EDS, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, XPS, PL and I-T, degradation of bis-phenol A (BPA) is performed as the model reaction to test its photocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, we employ external bias in the reaction system to further enhance the photogenerated charge carrier separation, and improve the photocatalytic efficiency. Under the better experimental conditions of initial BPA concentration (5 mg/L), initial pH (pH 7), external bias (0.25 V) and sensitizer concentration (0.1 mM), BPA is almost completely degraded in 300 min, and the four intermediates are gradually mineralized. The ecotoxicity of BPA also decreases significantly after the photo-degradation. During the reaction, center dot O-2(-) plays a dominant role, meanwhile center dot OH and h(D35)(+) also contribute to the BPA degradation. After five cycles, the D35-TiO2 film still maintain the normal photocatalytic activity. Due to the high stability and recyclability, the D35-TiO2 nano-crystalline film provides a sustainable way for degrading micropollutants in wastewater.

ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA2019

Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A Increases Adult Mammary Gland Progesterone Response and Cell Number

Ayyakkannu Ayyanan, Cathrin Brisken, Jacques Rougemont, Christina Schrick, Tamara Tanos

Bisphenol A [BPA, 2,2,-bis (hydroxyphenyl) propane] is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide. It is detected in body fluids of more than 90% of the human population. Originally synthesized as an estrogenic compound, it is currently utilized to manufacture food and beverage containers resulting in uptake with food and drinks. There is concern that exposure to low doses of BPA, defined as less than or equal to 5 mg/kg body weight /d, may have developmental effects on various hormone-responsive organs including the mammary gland. Here, we asked whether perinatal exposure to a range of low doses of BPA is sufficient to alter mammary gland hormone response later on in life, with a possible impact on breast cancer risk. To mimic human exposure, we added BPA to the drinking water of C57/Bl6 breeding pairs. Analysis of the mammary glands of their daughters at puberty showed that estrogen-dependent transcriptional events were perturbed and the number of terminal end buds, estrogen-induced proliferative structures, was altered in a dose-dependent fashion. Importantly, adult females showed an increase in mammary epithelial cell numbers comparable to that seen in females exposed to diethylbestrol, a compound exposure to which was previously linked to increased breast cancer risk. Molecularly, the mRNAs encoding Wnt-4 and receptor activator of nuclear factor ĸB ligand, two key mediators of hormone function implicated in control of mammary stem cell proliferation and carcinogenesis, showed increased induction by progesterone in the mammary tissue of exposed mice. Thus, perinatal exposure to environmentally relevant doses of BPA alters long-term hormone response that may increase the propensity to develop breast cancer.

Endocrine Society2011

Dynamics of Spatially Confined Bisphenol A Trimers in a Unimolecular Network on Ag(111)

Katharina Johanna Diller

Bisphenol A (BPA) aggregates on Ag(111) shows a polymorphism between two supramolecular motifs leading to formation of distinct networks depending on thermal energy. With rising temperature a dimeric pairing scheme reversibly converts into a trimeric motif, which forms a hexagonal superstructure with complex dynamic characteristics. The trimeric arrangements notably organize spontaneously into a self-assembled one-component array with supramolecular BPA rotors embedded in a two-dimensional stator sublattice. By varying the temperature, the speed of the rotors can be controlled as monitored by direct visualization. A combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and dispersion corrected density-functional tight-binding (DFTB-vdW(surf)) based molecular modeling reveals the exact atomistic position of each molecule within the assembly as well as the driving force for the formation of the supramolecular rotors.

American Chemical Society2016