Reclaimed water

Summary

Water reclamation (also called wastewater reuse, water reuse or water recycling) is the process of converting municipal wastewater (sewage) or industrial wastewater into water that can be reused for a variety of purposes. Types of reuse include: urban reuse, agricultural reuse (irrigation), environmental reuse, industrial reuse, planned potable reuse, de facto wastewater reuse (unplanned potable reuse). For example, reuse may include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface water and groundwater (i.e., groundwater recharge). Reused water may also be directed toward fulfilling certain needs in residences (e.g. toilet flushing), businesses, and industry, and could even be treated to reach drinking water standards. The injection of reclaimed water into the water supply distribution system is known as direct potable reuse, however, drinking reclaimed water is not a typical practice. Treated municipal wastewater reuse for irrigation is a long-established practi

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimed_water

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2021

Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: study of a sequential batch biofilter

Andreu Contijoch Culleré

A fungal biofilter composed of woodchips was designed in order to remove micropollutants from the effluents of waste water treatment plants. Two fungi were tested: Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor in order to evaluate their efficiency for the removal of two micropollutants: the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole. Although Trametes versicolor was able to degrade quickly naproxen, this fungus was not any more active after one week of operation in the filter. Pleurotus ostreatus was, on contrary, able to survive more than 3 months in the filter, showing good removal efficiencies of naproxen and sulfamethoxazole during all this period, in tap water but also in real treated municipal wastewater. Several other experiments have provided insight on the removal mechanisms of these micropollutants in the fungal biofilter (degradation and adsorption) and also allowed to model the removal trend. Fungal treatment with Pleurotus ostreatus grown on wood substrates appeared to be a promising solution to improve micropollutants removal in wastewater.

2014

Access to safe drinking water remains a challenge in many regions of the world. New methods to treat drinking water are constantly developped and improved in both in industrialised countries and in developing countries. SODIS is an interesting household-level disinfection technique that simply consists of pouring water into a PET bottle and exposing it to sunlight for at least 6 hours. Bacteria are efficiently inactivated by sunlight during SODIS, but the efficiency of SODIS on virus removal is much less studied. In this work, the inactivation of bacteriophages MS2 and phiX174, and human echovirus and adenovirus was studied in three different waters, two from India and one from Switzerland. Good removal (4 logs in 6 hours at 22°C and a fluence rate of 600 1.34 kJ/cm2) of MS2 was achieved in Swiss tap water, while less efficient inactivation was achieved in both Indian waters for MS2 and echovirus (1 log in 6 hours at 22°C and a fluence rate of 1.34 kJ/cm2). Both phiX174 and adenovirus were much more resistant to SODIS disinfection and less than 1 log of inactivation was obtained in Swiss tap water for phiX174. However, inactivation was not significantly different from the dark control in Indian water and for all experiments with adenovirus. Echovirus was inactivated similarly than MS2 and adenovirus was equally slow as phiX174. An increased temperature during SODIS enhanced inactivation substantially; 6 logs in 6 hours could be expected at 45 °C and with a fluence rate of 1.34 kJ/cm2. Indirect-solar inactivation was responsible for the MS2 removal, while direct inactivation via sunlight absorption of genome was not occurring during SODIS. We argue that iron could be responsible for the formation of reactive oxygen species which react with the viruses and yield their inactivation. The slower inactivation in Indian waters was probably due to the quenching effect of the higher concentration of organic matter. Removal of echoviruses during SODIS could be sufficient (4 logs in 6 hours) particularly at higher temperatures and for water with a low organic matter content. In contrast, SODIS may not be effective to remove Adenoviruses.

2013