Armenian architecture

Armenian architecture comprises architectural works with an aesthetic or historical connection to the Armenian people. It is difficult to situate this architectural style within precise geographical or chronological limits, but many of its monuments were created in the regions of historical Armenia, the Armenian Highlands. The greatest achievement of Armenian architecture is generally agreed to be its medieval churches and seventh century churches, though there are different opinions precisely in which respects. Medieval Armenian architecture, and Armenian churches in particular, have several distinctive features, which some believe to be the first national style of a church building. Common characteristics include: Pointed domes, reminiscent of the volcanic cone of Greater Ararat. The conical or semiconical radially segmented dome or cupola is mounted above vaulted ceilings on a cylindrical drum (usually polygonal on the outside, most often octagonal) The vertical emphasis of the whole structure, with the height often exceeding the length of a church Reinforcement of the verticality with tall, narrow windows Stone vaulted ceilings Composed almost entirely of stone, usually volcanic tuff or basalt. A composite roof composed of finely-cut tuff shingles Frescoes and carvings, if present, are usually ornate and include swirling intertwining grapevines and foliage. Heavy use of tall structural arches, both for supporting the cupola as part of the drum, the vaulted ceiling, and the vertical walls. Roofs intersecting to support the dome, both in basilicas and centrally-planned churches. Sculptural decoration of external walls, including figures. Within the bounds of the aforementioned common characteristics, individual churches display considerable variation which may reflect time, place, and the creativity of its designer. Toros Toramanian distinguished the following classical styles while studying these variations in the early 20th century: Armenian architecture, as it originates in an earthquake-prone region, tends to be built with this hazard in mind.

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