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Concept
Trichoderma
Summary
Trichoderma is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae that is present in all soils, where they are the most prevalent culturable fungi. Many species in this genus can be characterized as opportunistic avirulent plant symbionts. This refers to the ability of several Trichoderma species to form mutualistic endophytic relationships with several plant species. The genomes of several Trichoderma species have been sequenced and are publicly available from the JGI.
The genus was described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794, but the taxonomy has remained difficult to resolve. For a long time, it was considered to consist of only one species, Trichoderma viride, named for producing green mold.
In 1991, Bissett divided the genus into five sections, partly based on the aggregate species described by Rifai:
Pachybasium (20 species)
Longibrachiatum (10 species)
Trichoderma
Saturnisporum (2 species)
Hypocreanum
With the advent of molecular markers from 1995 onwards, Bissett's scheme was largely confirmed but Saturnisporum was merged with Longibrachiatum. While Longibrachiatum and Hypocreanum appeared monophyletic, Pachybasium was determined to be paraphyletic, many of its species clustering with Trichoderma. Druzhina and Kubicek (2005) confirmed the genus as circumscribed was holomorphic. They identified 88 species which they demonstrated could be assigned to two major clades. Consequently, the formal description of sections has been largely replaced by informal descriptions of clades, such as the Aureoviride clade or the Gelatinosum clade.
List of Trichoderma species
The belief that Trichoderma was monotypic persisted until the 1969 work of Rifai, who recognised nine species.
There are currently 89 accepted species in the genus Trichoderma. Hypocrea are teleomorphs of Trichoderma, which themselves have Hypocrea as anamorphs.
Cultures are typically fast-growing at , but some species of Trichoderma will grow at . Colonies are transparent at first on media such as cornmeal dextrose agar (CMD) or white on richer media such as potato dextrose agar (PDA).
Official source
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