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In optics, the exit pupil is a virtual aperture in an optical system. Only rays which pass through this virtual aperture can exit the system. The exit pupil is the of the aperture stop in the optics that follow it. In a telescope or compound microscope, this image is the image of the objective element(s) as produced by the eyepiece. The size and shape of this disc is crucial to the instrument's performance, because the observer's eye can see light only if it passes through the aperture. The term exit pupil is also sometimes used to refer to the diameter of the virtual aperture. Older literature on optics sometimes refers to the exit pupil as the Ramsden disc, named after English instrument-maker Jesse Ramsden. Visual instruments To use an optical instrument, the entrance pupil of the viewer's eye must be aligned with and be of similar size to the instrument's exit pupil. This properly couples the optical system to the eye and avoids vignetting. (The entrance pupil of the

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Aberrations analysis of a Focused Plenoptic Camera

Alessandro Grosso, Toralf Scharf

A Focused Plenoptic Camera in Galilean configuration is studied and its aberrations behavior is interpreted with the Nodal Aberration Theory (NAT). Sequential ray tracing is applied to individual optical channels constituted by the camera objective and individual decentered microlenses. The wavefront aberration field is retrieved at the exit pupil of the optical channels and is analyzed through the Zernike Fringe decomposition technique. Decentered optical channels show nodes in the field-dependence of different Zernike coefficients approximating the wavefront aberration field. The nodal behavior is a consequence of the loss of rotational symmetry in a decentered optical channel due to the displacement of a microlens with respect to the mechanical axis of the camera.

2018

Method and apparatus for head worn display with multiple exit pupils

Christophe Moser, Eric Tremblay

A method for displaying an image viewable by an eye, the image being projected from a portable head worn display, comprises steps of: emitting a plurality of light beams of wavelengths that differ amongst the light beams; directing the plurality of light beams to a scanning mirror; modulating in intensity each one of the plurality of light beams in accordance with intensity information provided from the image, whereby the intensity is representative of a pixel value within the image; scanning the plurality of light beams in two distinct axes with the scanning mirror to form the image; and redirecting the plurality of light beams to the eye using a holographic optical element acting as a reflector of the light beams, whereby the redirecting is dependent on the wavelength of the light beam, to create for each light beam an exit pupil at the eye that is spatially separated from the exit pupils of the other light beams.

2016

Adaptive optics using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator for ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography

Rainer Leitgeb

Three-dimensional ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR OCT) and adaptive optics (AO) are combined using a liquid crystal programmable phase modulator (PPM) as a correcting device for the first time. AO is required for correcting ocular aberrations in moderate and large pupils in order to achieve high resolution retinal images. The capabilities of the PPM are studied using polychromatic light. Volumetric UHR OCT images of the living retina with AO, obtained with up 25000 A scans/s and high resolution (~5x5x3 µm; transverse (x) x transverse (y) x axial) are recorded, enabling visualization of interesting intraretinal morphological structures. Cellular retinal features, which might correspond to groups of terminal bars of photoreceptors at the level of the external limiting membrane, are resolved. Benefits and limitations of the presented technique are finally discussed.

SPIE2006

MICRO-561: Biomicroscopy I

Introduction to geometrical and wave optics for understanding the principles of optical microscopes, their advantages and limitations. Describing the basic microscopy components and the commonly used biomicrocopy methods such as widefield and fluorescence.

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Introduction to the different contrast enhancing methods in optical microscopy. Basic hands-on experience with optical microscopes at EPFL's BioImaging and Optics Facility. How to investigate biological samples? How to obtain high quality images?

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The course's objectivs are: Learning several advenced methods in experimental physics, and critical reading of experimental papers.