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The full moon is the lunar phase when the Moon appears fully illuminated from Earth's perspective. This occurs when Earth is located between the Sun and the Moon (when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180°). This means that the lunar hemisphere facing Earth—the near side—is completely sunlit and appears as an approximately circular disk. The full moon occurs roughly once a month. The time interval between a full moon and the next repetition of the same phase, a synodic month, averages about 29.53 days. Therefore, in those lunar calendars in which each month begins on the day of the new moon, the full moon falls on either the 14th or 15th day of the lunar month. Because a calendar month consists of a whole number of days, a month in a lunar calendar may be either 29 or 30 days long. Characteristics A full moon is often thought of as an event of a full night's duration, although its phase seen from Earth continuously waxes or wanes, and is full only at

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Optimal target assignment for massive spectroscopic surveys

Denis Gillet, Jean-Paul Richard Kneib, Matin Macktoobian

Robotics have recently contributed to cosmological spectroscopy to automatically obtain the map of the observable universe using robotic fiber positioners. For this purpose, an assignment algorithm is required to assign each robotic fiber positioner to a target associated with a particular observation. The assignment process directly impacts on the coordination of robotic fiber positioners to reach their assigned targets. In this paper, we establish an optimal target assignment scheme which simultaneously provides the fastest coordination accompanied with the minimum of colliding scenarios between robotic fiber positioners. In particular, we propose a cost function by whose minimization both of the cited requirements are taken into account in the course of a target assignment process. The applied simulations manifest the improvement of convergence rates using our optimal approach. We show that our algorithm scales the solution in quadratic time in the case of full observations. Additionally, the convergence time and the percentage of the colliding scenarios are also decreased in both supervisory and hybrid coordination strategies.

2020

Comprehensive analysis of Lenz effect on the artificial heart valves during magnetic resonance imaging

Laleh Golestanirad, Juan Ramon Mosig

This work presents results of a comprehensive analysis of the Lenz effect due to motion of artificial heart valves during magnetic resonance imaging. The interaction of rotating metallic heart valves with magnetic fields is studied by performing a time-domain analysis of the corresponding electromagnetic problem. We applied the finite element method (FEM) to solve the T - Omega formulation of Maxwell equations in two cases: first, for metallic disks located in the high intensity homogenous field of the magnet iso-center, and second, disks located in the non-uniform fringe field of the bore entrance. We showed that for valves with full solid disks (such as Starr-Edwards 6500) located in the magnet iso-center, the magnitude of adverse forces can be comparable to the forces applied by the beating heart. However, for rings which consist of multiply connected conductive regions, skin effect and proximity effect counteract, which leads to a diminished magnetic force. Results of this study show that mechanical heart valves with strengthening rings may be considered safe even under ultra-high imaging conditions with field intensities as high as 10 T. However, heart valves with full conducting disks should be considered as a contraindication to MR imaging.

2012

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