Neuston

Neuston, also called pleuston, are organisms that live at the surface of a body of water, such as an ocean, estuary, lake, river, or pond. Neuston can live on top of the water surface or may be attached to the underside of the water surface. They may also exist in the surface microlayer that forms between the top side and the underside. Neuston have been defined as "organisms living at the air/water interface of freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats or referring to the biota on or directly below the water’s surface layer." The word neuston comes from the Greek neustos, meaning "swimming" + -on (as in plankton). This term first appears in the biological literature in 1917. The alternative term pleuston comes from the Greek plein, meaning "to sail or float". The first known use of this word was in 1909, before the first known use of neuston. In the past various authors have attempted distinctions between neuston and pleuston, but these distinctions have not been widely adopted. As of 2021, the two terms are usually used somewhat interchangeably, and neuston is used more often than pleuston. The neuston of the surface layer is one of the lesser known aquatic ecological groups. The term was first used in 1917 by Naumann to describe species associated with the surface layer of freshwater habitats. Later in 1971, Zaitsev identified neuston composition in marine waters. These populations would include microscopic species, plus various plant and animal taxa, such as phytoplankton and zooplankton, living in this region. In 2002, Gladyshev further characterised the major physical and chemical dynamics of the surface layer influencing the composition and relationships with various neustonic populations" The neustonic community structure is conditioned by sunlight and an array of endogenous (organic matter, respiratory, photosynthetic, decompositional processes) and exogenous (atmospheric deposition, inorganic matter, winds, wave action, precipitation, UV radiation, oceanic currents, surface temperature) variables and processes affecting nutrient inputs and recycling.