National language

A national language is a language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) that has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a nation. There is little consistency in the use of this term. One or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country may be referred to informally or designated in legislation as national languages of the country. National languages are mentioned in over 150 world constitutions. C.M.B. Brann, with particular reference to India, suggests that there are "four quite distinctive meanings" for national language in a polity: "Territorial language" (chthonolect, sometimes known as chtonolect) of a particular people "Regional language" (choralect) "Language-in-common or community language" (demolect) used throughout a country "Central language" (politolect) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value. The last is usually given the title of official language. In some cases (e.g., the Philippines), several languages are designated as official and a national language is separately designated. Linguistic prescription and Linguistic rights "National language" and "official language" are best understood as two concepts or legal categories with ranges of meaning that may coincide, or may be intentionally separate. Stateless nations are not in the position to legislate an official language, but their languages may be sufficiently distinct and well-preserved to be national languages. Some languages may be recognized popularly as "national languages," while others may enjoy official recognition in use or promotion. In many African countries, some or all indigenous African languages are officially used, promoted, or expressly allowed to be promoted (usually taught in schools and written in important publications) as semi-official languages whether by long-term legislation or short-term, case-by-case executive (government) measures. To be official, spoken and written languages may enjoy government or federalised use, major tax-funded promotion or at least full tolerance as to their teaching and employers' recognition in public education, standing on equal footing with the official language(s).

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Devanagari Character Recognition towards natural Human-Computer Interaction

Pulkit Goyal, Sapan Diwakar

Human-computer interaction is a growing research area. There are several ways of interaction with the computer. Handwriting has continued to persist as a means of communication and recording information in the day to day life even with the introduction of new technologies. Due to the growth of technology in India, it becomes important to devise ways that allow people to communicate with computer in Indian languages. Hindi being the national language of India, we present a way to communicate with the computer in Hindi or more precisely, ‘Devanagari script’. Due to absence of a global font to represent Devanagari characters, it is important that the computer recognises the characters written by the user in order to interact with him. The algorithm implemented for character recognition first segments the image containing Devanagari text fed to the software into lines, lines to words and words to characters. The obtained characters are then brought down to a standard size. The Kohonen Neural Network based recogniser then comes into action and recognises the text character by character and provides the output in Unicode format. The network has been designed with no hidden layer to support quick recognition. Apart from text recognition from an image, we also provided the option to recognise individual handwritten characters drawn using a mouse. Such a system provides keyboard less computer interaction. The technique is implemented using Java. The overall recognition rate for a fixed font machine printed characters is 90.26% and for hand written characters, it is 83.33%.

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National anthem

A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American, Central Asian, and European nations tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East, Oceania, Africa, and the Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare.

National language

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A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory. Such people are termed linguistic minorities or language minorities. With a total number of 196 sovereign states recognized internationally (as of 2019) and an estimated number of roughly 5,000 to 7,000 languages spoken worldwide, the vast majority of languages are minority languages in every country in which they are spoken. Some minority languages are simultaneously also official languages, such as Irish in Ireland or the numerous indigenous languages of Bolivia.

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