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In physiology, dehydration is a lack of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes. It occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake, usually due to exercise, disease, or high environmental temperature. Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis, which may increase risk of decompression sickness in divers. Most people can tolerate a 3-4% decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects. A 5-8% decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness. Loss of over 10% of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration, accompanied by severe thirst. Death occurs at a loss of between 15-25% of the body water. Mild dehydration is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral rehydration. Dehydration can cause hypernatremia (high levels of sodium ions in the blood) and is distinct from hypovolemia (loss of blood volume, particularly blood plasma). Signs and symptoms

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Cerebral Gray and White Matter Involvement in Anorexia Nervosa Evaluated by T1, T2, and T2*Mapping

Nurten Ceren Askin, Tobias Kober, François Lazeyras

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Changes in the brain composition of anorexics could potentially be expected, opening the door to new imaging approaches where quantitative and qualitative MRI have a role. Our purpose was to investigate anorexia-related brain dehydration and myelin depletion by analyzing T1, T2, and T2* relaxation times of different brain structures in anorexics and controls. METHODS Thirty-eight anorexic female patients (mean age, 26.2 years; age range, 16.2-48.7 years; mean BMI, 14.5 kg/m(2); BMI range, 10.0-18.4 kg/m(2)) underwent brain MRI between August 2014 and August 2018. Controls were 16 healthy females (mean age, 28.0 years; age range, 22.3-34.7 years; mean BMI, 20.9 kg/m(2); BMI range, 18.4-26.6 kg/m(2)). T1, T2, and T2* relaxation times were obtained for different brain structures in anorexics and controls as part of this retrospective case-control study. RESULTS The T1 relaxation times of gray and white matter were significantly lower in anorexics (P = .009), whereas the T2 relaxation times of gray matter were higher (P < .001). There were no statistically significant differences in gray matter T2* relaxation times or in white matter T2 and T2* relaxation times between anorexics and controls. Occipital lobe gray matter showed the shortest T1, T2, and T2* relaxation times of all brain regions (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS T1 shortening in anorexics suggests both dehydration and myelin loss, whereas T2 prolongation points toward myelin loss (myelin water has lower T2), which seems to be less discernible in white matter. Shorter overall relaxation times in the most posterior regions of the brain suggest higher iron content.

WILEY2019

Device and process for tissue-engineering and regenerative medicine

Thomas Michael Braschler, Martina Genta, Olaia Maria Naveiras Torres-Quiroga, Daniel Naveed Tavakol, Josefine Catharina Pedersen Tratwal

A process and device for direct in-vitro to in-vivo transfer of a living microcarrier culture by controlled dehydration into a viscoelastic material capable of cell-protection during delivery. One particular purpose of the present invention is that of providing a process and device for direct in-vitro to in-vivo transfer of living microcarrier co-cultures.

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Dissecting the Effects of Concentrated Carbohydrate Solutions on Protein Diffusion, Hydration, and Internal Dynamics

Luciano Andres Abriata, Matteo Dal Peraro, Francesco Piazza, Enrico Spiga

We present herein a thorough description of the effects of high glucose concentrations on the diffusion, hydration and internal dynamics of ubiquitin, as predicted from extensive molecular dynamics simulations on several systems described at fully atomistic level. We observe that the protein acts as a seed that speeds up the natural propensity of glucose to cluster at high concentration; the sugar molecules thus aggregate around the protein trapping it inside a dynamic cage. This process extensively dehydrates the protein surface, restricts the motions of the remaining water molecules, and drags the large-scale, collective motions of protein atoms slowing down the rate of exploration of the conformational space despite only a slight dampening of fast, local dynamics. We discuss how these effects could be relevant to the function of sugars as preservation agents in biological materials, and how crowding by small sticky molecules could modulate proteins across different reaction coordinates inside the cellular cytosol.

Amer Chemical Soc2014

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