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In computing, ls is a command to list s and directories in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is specified by POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification. It is available in the EFI shell, as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities, or as part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2. The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include an ls function with similar functionality. In other environments, such as DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows, similar functionality is provided by the dir command. As with most utilities the different implementations have different options. Check the documentation provided with the command for correct usage and options. An ls utility appeared in the first version of AT&T UNIX, the name inherited from a similar command in Multics also named 'ls', short for the word "list". is part of the X/Open Portability Guide since issue 2 of 1987. It was inherited into the first version of POSIX.1 and the Single Unix Specification. ls [options] [file... | directory...] Unix and Unix-like operating systems maintain the idea of a working directory. When invoked without arguments, ls lists the files in the working directory. If a directory is specified, the files in that directory are listed. The arguments may contain a multiple files and directories. In many Unix-like systems, names starting with "." are . Examples are "." which refers to the working directory and ".." which refers to its parent directory. Hidden names are not shown by default. With -a all names, including all hidden names, are shown. Using -A shows all names, including hidden names, except for "." and "..". File names specified explicitly (for example "ls .secret" ) are always listed. Without options, ls displays names only. Multiple options may be combined. Common options include: l long format, displaying , permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, last-modified date-time and name.

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