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Concept
Antiemetic
Summary
An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of opioid analgesics, general anaesthetics, and chemotherapy directed against cancer. They may be used for severe cases of gastroenteritis, especially if the patient is dehydrated.
Some antiemetics previously thought to cause birth defects appear safe for use by pregnant women in the treatment of morning sickness and the more serious hyperemesis gravidarum.
TOC
5-HT3 receptor antagonists block serotonin receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. As such, they can be used to treat post-operative and cytotoxic drug nausea & vomiting. However, they can also cause constipation or diarrhea, dry mouth, and fatigue.
Dolasetron (Anzemet) can be administered in tablet form or in an injection.
Granisetron (Kytril, Sancuso) can be administered in tablet (Kytril), oral solution (Kytril), injection (Kytril), or in a single transdermal patch to the upper arm (SANCUSO).
Ondansetron (Zofran) is administered in an oral tablet form, orally dissolving tablet form, orally dissolving film, sublingual, or in an IV/IM injection.
Tropisetron (Setrovel, Navoban) can be administered in oral capsules or in injection form.
Palonosetron (Aloxi) can be administered in an injection or in oral capsules.
Dopamine antagonists act on the brainstem and are used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer, radiation sickness, opioids, cytotoxic drugs and general anaesthetics. Side effects include muscle spasms and restlessness.
Amisulpride (Barhemsys), administered by intravenous injection.
Domperidone (Motilium)
Droperidol
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Haloperidol (limited in usefulness by extra-pyramidal and sedative side-effects)
Alizapride
Prochlorperazine (Compazine, Stemzine, Buccastem, Stemetil, Phenotil)
Chlorpromazine (Use limited by sedating properties)
Metoclopramide
NK1 receptor antagonist
Aprepitant (Emend) is a commercially available NK1 receptor antagonist
Casopitant is an investigational NK1 receptor antagonist
Rolapitant (Varubi) another recently approved drug from this class
Antihistamines (H1 histamine receptor antagonists) are effective in many conditions, including motion sickness, morning sickness in pregnancy, and to combat opioid nausea.
Official source
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