Hydraulic analogy

Summary

Electronic-hydraulic analogies are the representation of electronic circuits by hydraulic circuits. Since electric current is invisible and the processes in play in electronics are often difficult to demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents. Electricity (as well as heat) was originally understood to be a kind of fluid, and the names of certain electric quantities (such as current) are derived from hydraulic equivalents. The electronic–hydraulic analogy (derisively referred to as the drain-pipe theory by Oliver Lodge) is the most widely used analogy for "electron fluid" in a metal conductor. As with all analogies, it demands an intuitive and competent understanding of the baseline paradigms (electronics and hydraulics), and in the case of the hydraulic analogy for electronics, students often have an inadequate knowledge of hydraulics. Paradigms There is no unique paradigm for esta

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_analogy

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2012

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The transient behavior of hydroelectric power plants is of high interest for ensuring stability of islanded electrical power networks. Therefore, it is suitable to determine and validate the set of parameters of a turbine speed governor using a realistic simulation model taking into account the hydraulic circuit, the rotating inertias, the electrical installations and the control systems. This paper presents the modeling of a 4x250 MW Francis turbine hydroelectric power plant taking into account the dynamics of all the aforementioned components. The transfer function of the turbine is determined through a time domain simulation using white noise excitation for the determination of an appropriate set of parameters. The performance of the regulator parameters are assessed using two different models: (i) a hydraulic model and (ii) a full hydroelectric model including the model of an islanded power network. The stabilization effect of Standard Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is evidenced.

2007

Microfabrication of Capillary Electrospray Emitters and ToF Characterization of the Emitted Beam

Caglar Ataman, Simon Dandavino, Herbert Shea

Microfabrication, assembly, and characterization of internally fed arrays of electrospray emitters for spacecraft propulsion are discussed. Several different emitter geometries were fabricated, and the sprayed beams from these emitters are characterized for their ion/droplet composition. It is shown that with smaller inner diameters, ionic mode of operation can be achieved more easily, due to the increase in the hydraulic impedance. Up to 2000 s Isp was measured from capillaries with 5 μm inner diameter and 100 μm with 750V extraction voltage using EMI-BF4. Due to the small dimensions of the microfabricated capillaries, the onset and ionic mode operation voltages can be significantly lower thanmacroscopic emitters. The major failure mode for the emitters was the liquid overflow from the capillary tip, which can be resolved through coatings that wet the ionic liquids differently. A detailed study of the wetting behavior of two ionic liquids is also presented for various materials compatible with silicon microfabrication technology.

2011