Kyoto Protocol

Summary

The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There were 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol in 2020. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (Article 2). The Kyoto Protocol applied to the seven greenhouse gases listed in Annex A: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafl

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol

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Hospital climate actions and assessment tools: a scoping review protocol

Nicola Mary Banwell

Introduction Health and climate change are inexorably linked through the exacerbation of health risks and the contribution of the health sector to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate action in healthcare settings is critical to reduce risks and impacts of climate change through the smarter use of energy, minimising waste and enhancing disaster preparedness. Globally, hospital climate action is growing; however, the potential for further progress and impacts remains. The literature on this topic lacks synthesis, and this poses challenges for hospital leadership in tracking the impact of climate action. This scoping review will summarise the current knowledge about hospital climate action and existing tools to measure progress in this area. Methods and analysis This scoping review will be conducted applying the six-stage protocol proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. The study includes literature of how hospitals have addressed climate change (mitigation and adaptation) since the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997. All identified studies indexed in Medline, Scopus, Embase and CINAHL will be examined. The search strategy will also include Google Scholar to capture relevant grey literature. Quantitative and thematic analysis will be used to evaluate and categorise the study results.

BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP2019

Study of the potential of membrane technologies for carbon dioxide recovery from power plants

Célien Fitoussi

In order to mitigate climate change, the countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol agreed to lower their greenhouse gas emissions during the period 2008-2012 of 5% on average compared to their emissions of 1990. Carbon separation and storage (CSS) processes contribute to this effort. In this paper, a carbon separation process based on polyphenylene-oxide membranes is considered. The objective is to estimate (through numerical simulations) the costs of separating the carbon dioxide produced by a natural gas cycle power plant with this technology and to compare it with values for other technologies found in literature. After the specifcation of the source (a gas turbine), the behaviour of a single membrane is simulated. The program used for the simulations is coded in Matlab and AMPL. Then a model consisting of two membranes in series is presented and followed by the corresponding results. The cost functions of the membrane module (membranes and compressors) are introduced. This allows the energy cost penalty and the plant efficiency penalty related to the carbon separation process to be calculated. Finally, the price of the ton of separated CO2 is computed and compared to values found in articles.

2009

Combining efficiency with equity : a pragmatic approach

The global public good of climate stabilization, pursued in the negotiations leading up to the Kyoto Protocol, provides a useful case study of the political problems that can arise in attempts to reconcile structural or procedural aspects of justice and fairness with aspects of efficiency in securing just and fair outcomes.

Oxford University Press2003